Teddy Award Berlin - Der queere Filmpreis

Two boys in a toilet. They snort cocaine, talk about sex and then get down to business. But a situation that that could easily have developed into a cliché-ridden story takes an unexpected turn as it becomes clear what is they are really after.

>>> Watch Film with engl. subtitles on youtube more

Night. Two people - a man and a woman – meet. Above all else, their attraction forone another is palpable. Their attraction and their desire to kiss, and more. My place, or yours? A journey begins through the city's emptystreets. He caresses her, wants to kiss her. You're the only one.. he whispers into her ear. But surely she isn't his first woman? who is taller than me and who has a deeper voice. I had an operation, three years ago. After his initial shock, curiosity gets [...] more

“Nostalgia isn’t what it used to be, I can only picture the disappearing world when you touch me.” more

Hoffmann, intoxicated with wine and his passionate love for Stella, the dancer, tells the stories of his three great loves: Olympia The tempter, assuming the identity of Coppélius, embroils Hoffmann in a love affair with Olympia, who is, in fact, an ingeniously made automaton. To Hoffmann, viewing her through magic glasses, she is the most enchanting living being he has ever seen. But the moment the glasses break, the magic vanishes and Coppélius destroys the illusion formed [...] more

TANJONG RHU is a fictional account of a true story. Night falls in Singapore. Men walk cautiously through the forest, they are horny and out prowling for sex. Two young men meet at the beach and converse, and just a few frames later one of them confesses his lifestyle under police interrogation. He had fallen into a police schemed trap in the cruising area along the beautiful bay. In September 1993 twelve men were in fact convicted in similar undercover operations where policemen pretended to [...] more

As with the two previous films in his “PEONY PAVILION” trilogy, director Yonfan once again found the inspiration for his new film from an opera by the Chinese poet and dramatist Tang Hsien-tsu. Set in Hong Kong in the present, the current film uses the story of a love affair with sado-masochistic and transsexual elements to explore themes of desire, suffering, innocence and seduction. The film’s main character is a good-looking young estate agent named Meili who one day [...] more

The filmmaker Solange has a young daughter and a husband with whom she sleeps with from time to time. But that's neither enough for a film nor a life. Solange wants more: she has an affair with Jim, a bisexual actor. But Jim is not the only one. Sometimes she needs two or three affairs even in one single night. It is on her sexual odyssey that she encounters Bruno, who seems immune to her arts of seduction and whose little humiliations inflame a heated passion within her. Their rendez-vous' [...] more

Surprising as it may seem, in the light of the screen’s Production Code, which generally compels evasion of the more delicate sexual in American films, Robert Anderson’s fine play about a schoolboy and a teacher’s wife, TEA AND SYMPATHY, has been given a strong and sensitive screen rendering by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. (…) Fortunately, for this production, producer Pandro S. Berman employed the pricipal actors in the original stage play to re-enact their roles. John Kerr is [...] more

The Teddy Shorts screen als those movies, which are competing for the TEDDY AWARD 2011 for best short film. This year these are: LA DUCHA, TOMORROW EVERYTHING WILL BE ALRIGHT, BLOKES, PORNO MELODRAMA and SPRING. (To find more information about these films, click on the film title to get directly to the filmpage in the archive.)   LA DUCHA A couple spends their last morning together in the bathroom. One of them is about to leave the country. The other has decided to stay. But [...] more

The Teddy Shorts screen als those movies, which are competing for the TEDDY AWARD 2012 for best short film. This year these are: ZUCHT UND ORDNUNG, A LAZY SUMMER AFTERNOON WITH MARIO MONTEZ, EROTIC FRAGMENTS NO. 1,2,3, THE MAN THAT GOT AWAY, LOXORO, THE BLESSED, THE WILDING, AS THEY SAY, GREEN LASER and 7 DEADLY KISSES. (To find more information about these films, click on the film title to get directly to the filmpage in the archive.)   ZUCHT UND ORDNUNG Oops! Shocking? [...] more

A teenage comedy laced with sex and gore that tells of the horror of becoming an adult. The story revolves around a young high school student. When the innocent Dawn begins to feel her libido awakening she vehemently seeks refuge as a member of the local celibacy group. Her participation in a puritanical campaign sets her positively apart from her step-brother Brad, whose demeanour at home is becoming increasingly provocative. But Dawn's pledge to retain her virginity until she marries comes [...] more

Known as “the Greta Garbo of gay porn cinema”, legendary Californian photographer, filmmaker and self-made man Peter Berlin is regarded by his fans as a male sex icon. He achieved fame – and notoriety – in the early 1970s when he made two wild 16mm films – NIGHTS IN BLACK LEATHER and THAT BOY. Almost overnight, Berlin had conquered both the hearts and fantasies of gay men all over the world. Behind the public figure and the obvious pseudonym lies a fascinating [...] more

Visitors to the Berlinale are well acquainted with the work of Canadian underground director Bruce LaBruce. Co-directed with Rick Castro, his feature film debut, HUSTLER WHITE, which told the story of a rent boy working on Santa Monica Boulevard, screened at the Berlinale in 1996. Bruce LaBruce also showed his gay zombie horror film OTTO, OR, UP WITH DEAD PEOPLE – at the festival in 2008. Bruce LaBruce freely admits that “most of my films are sexually explicit”. His work mixes [...] more

Raquela, who is transsexual, dreams of being with a heterosexual man from a western country. Raquela lives in the Philippines and works as a prostitute. She spends her spare time surfing the internet for suitable candidates. Yet time and again, her hopes of being carried off into a rosy future in the arms of a strong hero are shattered. But then, when Raquela lands a job working in front of a webcam for a pornographic website, things begin to look up a little. Michael, the New York based publisher [...] more

In an intimate way Genesis P-Orridge tells the story of his relationship with Jacqueline Breyer alias Lady Jaye. En passant one gets an insight into their personal gender-concept of “pandrogeny” and the beginnings of British industrial-music. This is a love story, and a portrait of two lives that illustrate the transformative powers of both love and art. In warm and intimate images captured handheld, Losier crafts a labyrinthine mise-en-scene of interviews, home movies, and performance [...] more

A young man arrives in Falls City, a small town in rural Nebraska, at the beginning of December 1993. 20-year-old Brandon Teen ais a stranger to this town but his friendly manner and youthful charm soon win him friends among his peers. The town’s young girls are particularly attracted to him and he has no difficulty finding a girlfriend. However, only three weeks later, on Christmas Eve, Brandon is brutally beaten up and raped by two of his friends. This astonishing act of fury was prompted [...] more

Sheikin Street is one of Tel Aviv's hippest and chicest areas. Sheikin Street's fashionable shops and galleries give it the appearance of being on another planet to the rest of the Middle East. The inhabitants of this peaceful soap bubble manage to keep an oblivious distance from the conflict all around them. Among them are three young Israeli flatmates: Lulu and a gay couple named Noam and Yali. Lulu works at a Body Shop, Noam at a record store and Yali runs a café. The trio's [...] more

THE CELLULOID CLOSET is both a history of lesbian and gay images, a study of how Hollywood has shaped our views of masculinity and femininity and a feast for cinéphiles everywhere. Beginning at the birth of film and examining how filmmakers and actors have put gays on the screen to the present day, the film builds up a kaleidoscopic portrait from an early Edison clip of two men dancing together right through to PHILADELPHIA and the recent New Queer Cinema. What is remarkable about [...] more

Europe at the beginning of the 17th century. Countess Erzebet Bathory is considered to be the most powerful woman in the land – beautiful, intelligent, and unwilling to accept the right of men to change the rules of this world as they please. At a party she meets a much younger man, Istvan. The two fall passionately in love with each other. But their happiness is short-lived: Istvan’s father, Count Thurzo, forces his son to stop seeing Erzebet and begins to unfold a conspiratorial [...] more

Telémacos Alexiou’s video installation THE DREAM OF NORMA translates principal cinematographic parameters like stillness/movement, depth/flatness, black/white into a reduced and lusty duality. On three screens, a dancing duel unfolds between Norma (Vaginal Davis) and a phantom masked in black (Telémacos Alexiou). It is a ceremony of temptation, a erotic courtship in a blinding white, »unmarked room« (Deleuze); a room free from all spacial coordinates. The dancers’ [...] more

Jeffrey Tishop is one of Hollywood’s most influential studio managers. He lives in a sedate residence high up in the Malibu Hills. His wife, Elaine, once wrote screenplays. She and her husband have now moved up to the upper echelons of Hollywood society. Having given up writing, Elaine now tends to the running of the villa, the household staff and their two well-turned-out children. One day, a screenplay lands on Jeffrey’s desk from Hollywood. Jeffrey can smell a hit straight [...] more

A series of suicides followed by the swift cremation of the deceased arouses the suspicions of a young public prosecutor named Nick Di Vivo. She begins investigations following the death of Matt Shapiro – allegedly another suicide victim. Her inquiries take her to the heart of Manhattan’s upmarket Chelsea district. Matt’s circle of friends are extremely distant towards the young attorney. Nevertheless, her conversations with them enable her to piece together a mosaic of Matt’s [...] more

Stephen watches a group of boys playing basketball. The look in his eyes betrays his sexual interests. When the boys realize, he becomes a victim of their homophobia. Or does it only seem so? THE FEAST OF STEPHEN is based on a poem by the same title, written by american poet Anthony Hecht. The peom stayed with James Franco since he read it for the first time. In order to visualize the feelings that had been triggered in him, Franco was geared to Kenneth Anger´s rebellious shortfilm SCORPIO [...] more

Sex and politics are the themes of this humorous and entertaining film that looks at white women in the Dark Continent and focuses on the forbidden sexual desires of both black and white men under Apartheid. The film’s director, Yunus Vally, was raised in a Muslim family; as young man he attended the mosque five times a day and hoped to reach paradise one day. Growing up under a system which proclaimed that white is beautiful, Yunus was convinced that the promised virgins of paradise would [...] more

Jochen Hick’s new film portrays Tom Weise, one of the initiators of HustlaBall – an event originally created in order to encourage the acceptance of male prostitutes, but also to launch a rent boy website. After his parents split and, having lost all contact with them, this slightly-built former student of politics decides to go to New York at the beginning of the 1990s. Being HIV-positive, he is obliged to live in the USA illegally. In fact, according to the law, he cannot even [...] more

All Steve’s friends know about his big problem and provide him with emotional support when it comes to learning the truth about Bill Parcels, the New York Giant’s coach...

>>> Watch film on GoogleVideos more

THE ISLAND tries to cross the mechanism of homophobia with a big smile. The homosexual filmmaker has received ”fan mail“: Why don´t all the homosexual people leave society and move to an island to infect each other with AIDS. Lost in thought the director wanders through the Canadian snow desert and creates a possible setting for such an island. An animated, essayistic narrative film. At ”Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Film Festival“ in Toronto Trevor [...] more

Nic and Jules have been together for a long time and are well acquainted with all the highs and lows of a long-term relationship. Her stressful job at her practice has made her somewhat neglectful of her partner. Jules feels underchallenged in her role as a mother and would dearly like to open a garden landscaping business, but Nic isn’t much good at providing advice on such things. Their daughter Joni is a model pupil who will embark on her studies at an elite university in the autumn. [...] more

It is a poetic, rather than realistic, depiction of what Jarman felt was the loss of traditional English culture in the 1980s. It is named after a painting by the Pre-Raphaelite artist Ford Madox Brown. Jarman wrote a book to accompany the film, which deals more explicitly with the relationship he had with his father, who was a Lancaster bomber pilot in the Second World War. Jarman used the impact of his father's despair, depression and violence on his own artistic vision. The depression [...] more

The subject of this film may be highly disturbing to some viewers. This dark, Canadian film, based on the award winning Toronto play, graphically chronicles the last days and doctor-assisted suicide of Chris, a fictional dancer and choreographer with AIDS. This picture was shot in real time and focuses upon the last meal Chris shares with his lover, Val before the doctor administers a lethal injection. Four days after this film was finished, Ken McDougall, the actor who played Chris, died of AIDS [...] more

Shown in the Panorama section of the Berlinale in 1992, Gregg Araki’s gay road movie THE LIVING END has become a classic example of queer new wave cinema that is also an enduring record of the post-punk era. The film’s first image – the words “fuck the world” scrawled on a graffiti-covered wall – is an apt description of the frame of mind of the film’s two protagonists Jon and Luke, two HIV positive men. Luke is a sexy drifter; Jon a disoriented novelist [...] more

During his residency at the Canadian Film Centre in 1991, John Greyson, the enfant terrible of gay cinema in Canada, directed THE MAKING OF "MONSTERS" a short film dealing with the 1985 murder of a gay schoolteacher by five teenage boys in Toronto's High Park. This fictional documentary chronicles a movie-of-the-week version of the event. There is a movie-within-the-movie produced by Hungarian Marxist and literary critic and theorist Georg Lukacs and directed by Bertolt Brecht, who [...] more

Director's statement: A musical. A life. My family almost forgot to tell me about my great-uncle Jimmy. True story, or so I'm told. Jimmy grew up on a farm, on the Canadian prairies, in the Rosebud Valley, during the Great Depression. His older brothers were teenage mechanics, or outfielders on the local baseball team. But not Jimmy. At ten years old, Jimmy was Georgie Kempt's star pupil in tap dance and acrobatics. Jimmy: "O the sky is blue and the birds are too / And the [...] more

In 1962, at the height of oppression in apartheid South Africa, a gay white theatre Director was arrested with Nelson Mandela. His name was Cecil Williams. This is his story. This film is an unusually revealing portrait of one of the historic figures behind Nelson Mandela’s long struggle for freedom in South Africa. In the early 60s, Mandela traveled incognito across South Africa, orgainizing armed rebellion against the apartheid regime. Driving a gleaming Austin Westminster, Mandela [...] more

Casablanca in the near future. The country is at war. X and Ney are young men of around thirty years of age. They live together and share a close relationship. Although they think of themselves as brothers, there is always a certain sexual tension between them. In spite of this, X falls in love with a beautiful young girl named Lili. When Ney meets Lili, he too falls in love with her, and this marks the beginning of a wonderful love triangle. But X has high hopes; in fact, his dream of universal [...] more

"The Naked Civil Servant" is the title of the autobiography by the British eccentric, author, and entertainer Quentin Crisp, that was adapted as a British television movie in 1975. John Hurt, in the role of Quentin Crisp, won Best Actor at the British Academy Television Awards in 1976. The film THE NAKED CIVIL SERVANT turned Quentin Crisp into an overnight success. Today Jack Gold's film is counted among Britain's top 100 television movies of the 20th. century. Quentin Crisp [...] more

It’s hard to say which made a greater impression - his voice or the way he looked with his luminously painted white face? Klaus Nomi’s countertenor register and his outrageous outfits – greatly admired by David Bowie, for whom he later designed costumes - soon made him an icon of New York’s underground scene. By the 1970s, he was an integral part of New York’s alternative culture, appearing in films, performing in clubs and making countless [...] more

They called her “the dark pin-up goddess”. Her name was Bettie Page. In the 1950s, her lascivious yet cheerfully innocent poses were to make her a legendary photographic model. Considered a “sex bomb” at the time, she later became an icon of pop culture and a fetishist figurehead to the members of the sadomasochistic scene. Scantily clad in black leather, bound or armed with a whip, she personified a style of eroticism that was an enduring source of inspiration for comic [...] more

Ten years ago ‘The Screech’ was the hottest lesbian band around. Iris and Lily were the lead vocalists, MJ the producer, and Carol always went on tour with them. But the days of big dreams and wild nights have long since past. Sexy Iris now drinks too much and fantasises about a comeback that has yet to materialise. She and MJ split up years ago, but just can’t let go. Carol and Lily are so bored by their relationship that they can’t seem to decide on anything, except perhaps [...] more

A moving story about the family; about loss and the mental maps of the personal experience of homelessness. Tomer Heymann’s film takes a look at the story of five brothers and their mother, the experience of living in exile, and the joy of family ties. One after the other, three of the Heymann sons and their families have left Israel in the hope of finding a ‘better’ life in the United States. They have made their dreams reality but, at the same time, have destroyed their mother’s [...] more

A person of undefined gender and ethnicity is sent by a German cultural institution to a city in China, where s/he experiences a cruel conspiracy against her/his loved one. more

Epstein’s film traces the political climate and homophobia that led to the murder of gay rights activist Harvey Milk in San Francisco in 1978: “In the largely gay community around Castro Street, a minority that was at one time ‘invisible’ begins to gain confidence. Those who had once hidden themselves away on account of their being ‘different’ now find the courage to appear in public. One of them, Harvey Milk, emerges as a charismatic personality … until [...] more

THE TINY VENTRILOQUIST is a suite of shorter works. Perhaps the titles to some of the components best communicate the breadth and flavour of the work: GREAT BLOOD SACRIFICE, BEAVER SKULL MAGICK, CARTOON FOR THOSE WHO HAVE A CERTAIN FONDNESS FOR IDEAS BUT ARE TIRED OF THINKING, THE ROOT PROBLEM OF THE WORLD, MY NAME IS KARLHEINZ STOCKHAUSEN, ASS RECLAIM INSERT, WHAT IS CALLED DRINKING (WE HAVE NOT YET BEGUN TO DRINK). In these works, Reinke tries on and discards many voices, stances, histories, [...] more

Carter Page III has an unsual job. He accompanies Washington DC's wellheeled ladies to the opera. These ladies' husbands have no desire to bother themselves with such high culture, which means that Carter Page III has a steady stream of work. On Wednesdays he meets his mature clients Lynn, Abby and Natalie and his young friend Emek for a game of canasta. One day, Lynn, who is married to a Liberal senator, discovers her lover, murdered. She turns to Carter for help. In order to protect [...] more

Cheryl Dunye's debut feature THE WATERMELON WOMAN is as controversial as it is sexy and funny. Cheryl is a twenty-something black lesbian working as a clerk in a video store while struggling to make a documentary about Fae Richards, an obscure black actress from the 1930's. Cheryl is surprised to discover that Richards (known popularly as "the Watermelon Woman") had a white lesbian lover. At the same time, Cheryl falls in love with a very cute white customer at the video store [...] more

Life at a juvenile detention centre is tough for cell mates Malcolm and Tye. Everyone knows that the two are a couple. Quiet Tye often seems to provoke attacks from his fellow inmates; this means that muscular Malcolm is his chief protector. But from now on his lover won’t be able to protect him any more because if he’s involved in one more fight he can forget his coveted day prisoner status – a situation about which everyone inside is well aware. The film’s director won [...] more

A poetic portrait of sex in the age of AIDS. THEY ARE LOST TO VISION ALTOGETHER presents a disappearing act, a steady sleight-of-hand which erases the not-so-distant past. (Television flickers, revealing a seamless, yet slivered visual history punctuated by news stories, old movies, commercials: an unending flow which speaks to the non-existent "general population.”) THEY ARE LOST TO VISION ALTOGETHER recognizes our bodies as the ultimate site of control, a location in which the [...] more

The 'pope of trash' was how William S. Burroughs once dubbed filmmaker John Waters. In this film portrait the high priest of bad taste grants us something of a private audience. Everything you ever wanted to know about the director of HAIRSPRAY and POLYESTER but never dared ask is answered here in a highly entertaining, extremely professional one-man show - for John Waters is a tried and tested stage performer. When he began making films in the 1960s, he travelled the country with his [...] more

Alex is intersexual. A hermaphrodite. An individual whose existence confuses the world’s fastidious divisions of male and female. One baby in every two thousand is of ambiguous gender. In Alex’ case, when he was two years old, doctors recommended the use of surgery to correct his natural aberration. After plastic surgeons had amputated his penis and testicles and created a vagina, Alex grew up in his small village as a girl who wears size XXL. “Octopus alarm” [...] more

A portrait of the legendary female Jazz trumpet player Tiny Davis and her partner for over 40 years, the female drummer Ruby Lucas (real name Renee Phelan). In the 1940s, Tiny Davis was considered the "female Louis Armstrong" and her extraordinary talent made her the toast of the jazz world. Original archive footage gives us an impression of the personality and musical ability of these two female musicians. Interviews and live performances and, last but not least, Cheryl Clarke's [...] more

Bryan meets a man called Bill in a bar. They go back to Bryan's home and have unprotected sex. Later, they wake up and talk. Bryan discovers that Bill's real name is Brian, and that he is bisexual. They spend hours talking, covering topics including AIDS, sexuality, feminism, role-play and Emily Dickinson. (Wikipedia)

>>> watch trailer on IMDb.com more

There is definitely something boyish about ten-year-old Laure. She has recently moved to a new area with her parents and her little sister, Jeanne. It’s summertime and all the other neighbourhood children are playing outside – only Laure is alone, for she knows nobody of her own age. But then, one day, she meets Lisa, a girl who is exactly the same age. Laure allows her new acquaintance to believe that she is a boy. Laure becomes Mikaël, and, no sooner has she brought about [...] more

Havana, Cuba. The film’s director returns to the island to meet the film’s protagonist, Tommy, a onetime dancer at the Cuban national opera house who is HIV positive. In this film he talks about love and his sense of longing as he shares his life with us. more

An intense conversation between two people one evening leads to a pictorial love story about loss and longing. An homage to Eric Rohmer and the attention he paid to the tiny details of our everyday lives. Interview with Akram Zaatari What is cinema for you Akram?, was the first thought, that came into my mind, when i watched TOMORROW EVERYTHING WILL BE ALRIGHT for the very first time. In two three lines - even less or much more - as you wish & please give us a description of your [...] more

An attempt to break through silence. Personal confessions and poetical texts are passionately and provocingly fused to form a study of black homosexual identity in the USA. (Berlinale festival catalogue) This is the acclaimed account of Black gay life by Emmy Award-winning director Marlon T. Riggs. Using poetry, personal testimony, rap and performance (featuring poet Essex Hemphill and others), TONGUES UNTIED describes the homophobia and racism that confront Black gay men. The stories are [...] more

In his documentary Rosa von Praunheim creates the vision of a subculture ruled by women that is also a reassessment of the history of homosexuality and its oppression. As a result of the Holocaust and later, Aids, the male homosexual community has sustained bitter losses and, according to Praunheim, lesbian women have now placed themselves at the head of the so-called queer movement. The female protagonists in the film represent two different generations; they also incorporate the past and present [...] more

A father bids his son farewell at the airport. That same night the father is called to the local hospital where he makes a terrible discovery. Following the traces that lie before him, he embarks on a sad and painful journey for which there’s no end in sight. more

Bree is a conservative transsexual living in one of the poorer districts of Los Angeles. She holds down two jobs and saves every penny she has in order to pay for one last operation that will make her a woman at last. Out of the blue one day she receives a phone call from New York: on the other end of the line is a young man named Toby currently being held as a juvenile offender who is apparently looking for his father. Bree suddenly realises that this boy must be the product of a somewhat clumsy [...] more

Daniel and John meet on a trip to southeast Asia. They fall in love and spend a wonderful time together. They go back to their normal lives in Australia - and try to preserve their holiday romance.

>>> Watch trailer on YouTube more

TREMBLING BEFORE G-D is an unprecedented feature documentary that shatters assumptions about faith, sexuality, and religious fundamentalism. Built around intimately-told personal stories of Hasidic and Orthodox Jews who are gay or lesbian, the film portrays a group of people who face a profound dilemma - how to reconcile their passionate love of Judaism and the Divine with the drastic Biblical prohibitions that forbid homosexuality. As the film unfolds, we meet a range of complex individuals - [...] more

Thirteen-year-old Trevor finds himself in a terrible crisis when he realises what nobody wants to believe, namely that he is an homosexual teenager. The result is a moving and amusing coming out.

>>> watch trailer on YouTube

>>> watch Ellen DeGEneres standup about TREVOR and "being different" on YouTube more

Gabe and Mark aren't asking for much - just a simple one night stand. All they need is a place to seal the deal. Sound easy? Not when your neurotic best friend is trying to revive a dying musical career off-off-off-Broadway, your cabaret singing co-worker has just broken up with his boyfriend of seven years and the entire city seems set for a nervous breakdown. It's one chaotic event after another as these two hopeful romantics try to stop the city so they can get off! >>> Movie [...] more

An interpretation of the life and work of Konstantin Kavafy, a poet who lived in Alexandria in the 19th century. His work imaginatively combines motifs from Greek history with eroticism. more

In remote barrios of the Philippines, traditional circumcision rites are still carried out on young boys. Daisy‘s father, specialized in these procedures, often takes out his unhappiness with his life on his daughter by forcing her to remove the little boys’ foreskins. In order to get back at her father, Daisy flaunts her love affair with another woman. Worse, she decides to get pregnant by the only boy in town who is not circumcised. Courage to stand up for one’s rights [...] more

A captivatingly courageous and touching film about a lesbian couple in Cambodia.The two women have known and loved each other since the time of the Khmer Rouge. The deep bond existing between them and their strength have helped them overcome all different kinds of resistance, including that of their families. more